雅思考试是一门技巧和能力型的考试，如果我们同学缺乏必备的英语基础能力，而匆忙去强调所谓的技巧。这些技巧都将是空中楼阁而已，那么究竟怎么样才能重点夯实英语的基本能力呢？而雅思考试的基础其实就是存在于词汇和语法两个主要层面，那么如何提高词汇和语法呢？超级学长的老师设计了一个词汇和语法的课程纲要，把雅思阅读中的句型摘出，并且配合了在雅思写作中可以运用到的观点句，实现了从阅读到写作和口语输出环节的无缝对接！
第一章 初级句型——句子成分和基本句型
一．基本句型
1.主谓（Vi.）
例句：
Pornography has developed alongside technology.
After the abolition of the death penalty in 1976, Canada’s homicide rate has declined.
阅读：
The number of starving people in the world has increased in recent years.
Wilderness tourism operates throughout the year in fragile areas.
To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute.
No university bus services will operate through the area between Little and Denning Streets.
2.主谓（Vt.）宾（双宾/宾补）
2.1主谓宾
例句：
Media violence can affect children’s health.
Gambling breeds crimes and destruction.
The installation of cameras in public places deters would-be criminals.
Drug addiction and gambling induce crime.
Extensive viewing of television violence by children causes greater aggressiveness.
阅读：
Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty---five metres into the sky---nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later.
2.2主谓宾（宾补）
A.当补语是形容词
例句：
Children’s inexperience and immaturity make them vulnerable to crimes.
Parental love and care can keep juvenile crimes low.
Youngsters may consider violence on TV reasonable.
School bullying makes students afraid of going to school.
阅读：
Melbourne’s large train network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities.
B.当补语是名词
例句：
A lot of women consider luxury goods a life necessary.
Loose gun-control laws make the state an attractive places for criminals.
Educators call TV both good and bad information source.
C.当补语是不定式
例句：
The Internet enables users to access violence and pornography easily.
Gambling tempts people to dream of being rich instantly.
Parents always expect their children to be head and shoulders over others.
阅读：
All our subjects deemed the circle soft and square hard.
Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve 'signals' passing between people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain activity.
This causes the outer layer of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior.
Such a record will allow you to represent your linguistic credentials to academic institutions or potential employers around the world.
Membership entitles you to use the various facilities of the House.
2.3主谓宾（间接宾语/人+直接宾语/物）
Community service offers wrongdoers an opportunity to correct their misconduct.
Violent and pornographic scenes on mass media present children a bad example.
阅读：
Finally, they offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivaled area of freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking.
We may, at best, give them some precision by defining them and placing them in a context but, whatever we do, we should never delude ourselves into believing that gifted children or geniuses are different from the rest of humanity, save in the degree to which they have developed the performance of their abilities.
3.主系表
3.1主系名
例句：
Death penalty is a deterrent to violent crime.
Censorship is a controversial subject, as well as a popular topic of debate.
Poverty is one of the reasons for youngsters to skip school and commit crimes.
3.2主系形容词
appear | be | become | feel | grow | go |
look | prove | remain | seem | sound | turn |
例句：
Policemen with pistols seem inviolable.
The suggestion of community service sounds convincing and considerable.
阅读：
After years in the wilderness, the term artificial intelligence seems poised to make a comeback.
For several years now, tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan.
In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopedias educational textbooks, and translations.
综合练习
犯罪类话题词汇
Abide by | abolish | aggressive | behavior | Death penalty |
Censorship | Child abuse | Commit crimes | Community | service |
enact | Offense | deterrent | handcuff | homicide |
immaturity | Juvenile | Delinquency | Law | enforcement |
Legislator | misbehave | misconduct | Moral c | Guidance |
physical | punishment | prostitution | severe | Surveillance |
camera | vanity | innocent | people | Supervise |
wrongdoer | Wrongdoing | Jail term | Re-education | regulate |
句子翻译
1. 赌博合法化可以成为一项经济发展的策略。
（gambling legalization, economic development strategy）
2. 毒品合法化可以给全社会带来好处，例如更多的税收，更多就业机会。
(drug legalization, revenue, job opportunities)
3. 重罚不仅可以惩罚交通肇事者，还能规划和监督其他人的行为。
(heavy penalty, traffic violator, regulate, supervise)
4. 教育会对妇女造成正面影响，降低妇女犯罪率。
(exert positive influence on, female crime rate)
5. 如果罪犯被关进监狱，人们会觉得正义得到伸张。(put into jail, justice)
二．名词和冠词
1.名词
可数名词：a vegetarian/ vegetarians
‚不可数名词不分单复数。抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词：
Sugar/nutrition/insomnia/obesity/anxiety/cholesterol/stroke/depression/pressure
Anxiety
ƒ有少数名词既可作可数名词，也可以作不可数名词，但含义不同
Exercise 练习/ exercises 运动/ expectancy期望/ life expectancies寿命
1.1名词的功能
名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、补语、表语、定语
例句：
Absorption of nourishment is the major reason for flesh-eaters to have meat.
Aerobic exercises are the most suitable way for people who lead a sedentary life to keep fit.
Meat-centered diets are linked to many types of cancer such as heart diseases, obesity and hypertension.
Stress is your reaction to something you consider a challenge or a threat.
Junk food contributes to the increasing number of couch potatoes.
Medical research has already proved that a smoker is more likely to have lung cancer than a non-smoker.
1.2名词的数
A.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式
A fruit-fruits/ a vegetable-vegetables/ a disease-diseases
B.名词的复数形式，多数名词的复数形式后面一般加-S或者-ES：
Carcinogens致癌物/dieters
Illnesses/ diseases/viruses
Calf-calves/life-lives
Energy-energies/remedy-remedies
Potato-potatoes/ tomato-tomatoes（Radios/pianos/beliefs/zoos/reefs/roofs）
C.少数名词不规则变化
Bacterium-bacteria/stimulus-stimuli/basis-bases/criterion-criteria/phenomenon-phenomena/ crisis-crises/ datum-data
D.少数名词以复数形式出现
Belongings/ findings/savings/surroundings
1.3名词的所有
A在名词结尾加’s，主要表示有生命的事物或者自然界独一无二的某空间和时间名词的所有格
An obesity epidemic threatens children’s health and safety
It is ridiculous that damaging one’s health is viewed as a personal liberty.
Today’s white-collars face increasing pressure.
Cyclists’ possibility to develop heart diseases is just a half of physically inactive people.
Vegetarians’and flesh-eaters’ views differ from each other sharply.
Men’s and women’s attitudes towards aerobic exercise vary greatly.
There are differences between the elders’ and youngsters’ attitudes toward sports.
B.可以用“of+名词”构成短语修饰前面的名词或表示两个名词的所有关系
Symptoms of too much pressure include insomnia, amnesia, headache and depression.
The purpose of antibiotics is to kill harmful bacteria.
A warning can be printed on every packet of cigarettes.
2.主谓一致
A.第一人称作主语，谓语动词必须和它的主语人称保持一致。
Five minutes’ walk a day improves people’s heath dramatically.
Air pollution gives rise to a series of health problems such as throat, eye irritation, and lung caner.
As the popularity of fast food increases, the characteristics of traditional food are deteriorating.
B.集体名词作主语时，谓语动词既可以用单数也可以用复数。强调总体时用单数，强调个体时用复数。
Class/family/army/team/club/population/party/crowd/audience/public/government/majority/group
Chinese TV audience is reaching 120 million today.
So far, the public have expressed differing views on the popularity of yoga.
C.and连接，谓语动词用复数
Either or, neither nor, not only..but also,就近原则
Either soothing music, laughing, a good movie or massage reduces your stress instantly.
Neither cigarettes or tobacco is beneficial to physical health.
2.冠词
可数名词前一般要出现冠词，不能出现可数名词“裸奔”的现象。
2.1不定冠词
A.表示一个
A tobacco hazard awareness program should be launched through mass media.
Those who lead a sedentary life are more likely to suffer from health conditions such as stroke, diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease.
B.表示一类整体
A young man usually does exercises that need more strength than those of an old man.
C.单位前表示“每一”
People are suggested to do exercises twice a week at least.
Obesity may be responsible for 4000 cases of cancer in UK men a year.
D.一些词组
A few/a little/ a large number of/ a host of/ a series of
A huge number of people are struggling to reduce weight.
2.2定冠词
A.特指上文提到的内容
There are many factors that contribute to child and adolescent obesity. The factors may include age, sex, genes, psychological makeup and environment.
B.用来表示世上独一无二的事物或者方位名词之前
With 63% of men and 47% of women in the globe now overweight or obese, it is not surprising to see the weight loss industry booming.
C.定冠词与形容词连用，表示一类人
Being looked down upon, the obese suffer poor self-esteem and depression.
The poor used to be free from obesity but it is not the case now.
D.用在序数词之前，形容词和副词的最高级
Obesity is currently the most common chronic disease in the United States.
综合练习
健康类话题词汇
addiction | Aerobic | exercise | amnesia | antibiotics |
bacteria | Blood | circulation | calories | chronic |
diseases | diabetes | dieters | epidemic | hazard |
Hypertension | Impair | insomnia | lung | cancer |
myopia | nicotine | nutrient | nutrition | obesity |
Passive | smoking | protein | remedy | sedentary |
Inactive style | vegetarian | threaten | stroke | Sore throat |
carcinogens | Eye irritation | depression | tar | infectious |
句子翻译
1. 工作压力过重会导致抑郁、焦虑，甚至自杀。
（depression, anxiety, suicide）
2. 研究发现素食主义者有70%的可能性会缺乏各种必需的养分。
(vegetarian, indispensable nutrient)
3. 青少年只有减少热量的摄入、少吃糖和盐，多吃蔬菜水果，才能保持健康体重。
(calorie,maintain a healthy weight)
4.垃圾所带来的危害已经遍布世界每一个角落
(penetrate, the remotest places)
三．形容词和副词
-1.形容词
-2.副词
-3.比较级和最高级
四．动词和时态
-1动词的分类
-2动词的变化
-3动词的时态
五．非谓语动词
-1动词不定式
-2动名词和现在分词
-3过去分词